Dakota Beacon

DUNN LORING, VA -- In the American pantheon of "great presidents," the first is still George Washington, even though he has been somewhat tarnished by the now-mortal sin of having owned slaves. I live near Mount Vernon, and I like to visit it now and then to remind myself of what America was once like. On my latest outing there, with a foreign visitor, I was struck again by the scale of the old slave economy. It was truly a different country, more foreign to us than
England is today.

     The other day I also happened to read a few quotations from Washington's letters. They were written in an English that is also becoming foreign to us. One of the difficulties of reading old documents is that we are apt to be misled by familiar words when we don't realize they were being used in old senses no longer current. We too easily read our ancestors as if they shared our own assumptions, when that may be far from the truth.

     Washington wrote the letters in question shortly after the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, over which he had presided in the summer of 1787, and while the debate over ratification was raging. He explained to Lafayette the following April that under the proposed
Constitution, the people "retain everything they do not, by express terms, give up." This is of course the principle that would be enshrined in the Tenth Amendment; nobody disputed it, though it is now pretty much forgotten. It's still easy to understand, but apparently impossible to enforce.

     Washington habitually referred to the U.S. Government as a "confederated government" or
"confederacy." To modern ears this is a bit startling, since these terms are now used almost exclusively to mean the Southern states that tried to leave the Union in Lincoln's time; Lincoln himself sometimes called the Union a "confederacy." But he abandoned the term, probably because it was still understood to mean a *voluntary* union, which he insisted his Union was most definitely not.

     Washington clearly didn't share Lincoln's view. In June 1788, fearing that the Constitution wouldn't be ratified, he wrote to General Henry Knox, "I can not but hope that the States which may be disposed to make a secession will think often and seriously on the consequences." But he didn't suggest that the states had no right to "make a secession."

     A few days later Washington wrote to General Charles Pinckney that New Hampshire had "acceded to the new Confederacy," adding in reference to North Carolina, "I should be astonished if that State should withdraw from the Union." Again, there is no hint that either state was obliged to join the Union, "the new Confederacy." "To accede" is the counterpart of "to secede." Washington used words precisely. A state with the option to accede could also secede.

   The language is quaint, but the Father of Our Country unmistakably agreed with Jefferson, not Lincoln, that these were "Free and Independent States," united by mere confederation. He also called the Constitution itself "a compact or treaty," once more taking the Jeffersonian rather than the Lincolnian position.

     Washington's choice of words is significant; he had little formal education and was not an original or even especially trenchant thinker. His language merely reflects the consensus of America's revolutionary generation, and for that reason is a reliable guide to a misunderstood period in American history. It also shows how completely out of touch Abraham Lincoln was with "the fathers" he claimed to speak for.

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The Reactionary Utopian by Joe Sobran is copyright (c) 2010 by the Fitzgerald Griffin Foundation, http://www.fgfbooks.com. All rights reserved. Editors may post or publish if this copyright information is included.

A version of this article appeared in the the January 2004 edition of Sobran's: The Real News of the Month.

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